除非明确说明,本文内容仅针对x86/x86_64的Linux开发环境,有朋友说baidu不到,开个贴记录一下(加粗字体是关键词):
用“-Wl,-Bstatic”指定链接静态库,使用“-Wl,-Bdynamic”指定链接共享库,使用示例:-Wl,-Bstatic -lmysqlclient_r -lssl -lcrypto -Wl,-Bdynamic -lrt -Wl,-Bdynamic -pthread -Wl,-Bstatic -lgtest("-Wl"表示是传递给链接器ld的参数,而不是编译器gcc/g++的参数。)1) 下面是因为没有指定链接参数-lz(/usr/lib/libz.so,/usr/lib/libz.a )/usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(my_compress.c.o): In function `my_uncompress':/home/software/mysql-5.5.24/mysys/my_compress.c:122: undefined reference to `uncompress'/usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(my_compress.c.o): In function `my_compress_alloc':/home/software/mysql-5.5.24/mysys/my_compress.c:71: undefined reference to `compress'2) 下面是因为没有指定编译链接参数-pthread(注意不仅仅是-lpthraed)/usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(charset.c.o): In function `get_charset_name':/home/zhangsan/mysql-5.5.24/mysys/charset.c:533: undefined reference to `pthread_once'3) 下面这个是因为没有指定链接参数-lrt/usr/local/thirdparty/curl/lib/libcurl.a(libcurl_la-timeval.o): In function `curlx_tvnow':timeval.c:(.text+0xe9): undefined reference to `clock_gettime'4) 下面这个是因为没有指定链接参数-ldl/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl/lib/libcrypto.a(dso_dlfcn.o): In function `dlfcn_globallookup':dso_dlfcn.c:(.text+0x4c): undefined reference to `dlopen'dso_dlfcn.c:(.text+0x62): undefined reference to `dlsym'dso_dlfcn.c:(.text+0x6c): undefined reference to `dlclose'5) 下面这个是因为指定了链接参数-static,它的存在,要求链接的必须是静态库,而不能是共享库ld: attempted static link of dynamic object如果是以-L加-l方式指定,则目录下必须有.a文件存在,否则会报-l的库文件找不到:ld: cannot find -lACE6) GCC编译遇到如下的错误,可能是因为在编译时没有指定-fPIC,记住:-fPIC即是编译参数,也是链接参数relocation R_x86_64_32S against `vtable for CMyClass` can not be used when making a shared object7) 下面的错误表示gcc编译时需要定义宏__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS,并且必须包含头文件inttypes.htest.cpp:35: error: expected `)' before 'PRIu64'8) 下面是因为在x86机器(32位)上编译没有指定编译参数-march=pentium4../../src/common/libmooon.a(logger.o): In function `atomic_dec_and_test':../../include/mooon/sys/atomic_gcc.h:103: undefined reference to `__sync_sub_and_fetch_4'9) 下列错误可能是因为多了个“}”error: expected declaration before '}' token10) 下列错误可能是因为少了个“}”error: expected `}' at end of input11) 下面这个错误是编译一个共享库时,该共享库依赖的一静态库编译时没有加“-fPIC”参数,解决方法为带“-fPIC”重新编译被依赖的静态库relocation R_X86_64_32 against `a local symbol' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC12) 下面这个错误,是因为头文件中使用“_syscall0(pid_t, gettid)”不当引起的./test.o: In function `gettid()':./test.h:17: multiple definition of `gettid()'正确的用法是使用"inline"或"static inline"修饰一下:inline _syscall0(pid_t, gettid)或static inline _syscall0(pid_t, gettid)当然也可以这样:在.h头文件中:extern "C" pid_t gettid(void);在.cpp文件中:_syscall0(pid_t, gettid)_syscall0是一个宏,定义一个函数的实现。13) 下列编译告警是因为一个static类型的函数未被使用my.cpp:364: warning: 'int my_function(const cgicc::Cgicc&, const std::string&)' defined but not used只需使用“__attribute__((unused))”修饰函数的声明即可:static int __attribute__((unused)) my_function(const cgicc::Cgicc&, const std::string&);14) 执行thrift的configure时遇到如下的错误(thrift-0.9.0和thrift-0.9.1遇到过):checking for setsockopt in -lsocket... nochecking for BN_init in -lcrypto... noconfigure: error: "Error: libcrypto required."原因可能是因为编译安装openssl时指定了--prefix,比如--prefix=/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl,可这样解决:不指定thrift的configure的--with-openssl=/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl,改为:CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl/include" LDFLAGS="-ldl -L/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl/lib"替代它就OK了。15) 下面这个编译错误(表现为g++进入死循环),可能是由于缺少右大括号“}”导致的,比如定义名字空间时少了“}”:/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/type_traits:408: error: 'size_t' is not a member of 'db_proxy::std'/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/type_traits:408: error: 'size_t' is not a member of 'db_proxy::std'/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/mu_iterate.h:49: error: 'std::tr1' has not been declared/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/mu_iterate.h:49: error: 'std::tr1' has not been declared/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/bind_iterate.h:78: error: 'std::tr1' has not been declared/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/bind_iterate.h:78: error: 'std::tr1' has not been declared/usr/include/c++/4.1.2/tr1/bind_iterate.h:78: error: 'std::tr1' has not been declared16) protoc编译错误,下面错误是因为没有在.proto文件所在目录下执行:/tmp/test.proto: File does not reside within any path specified using --proto_path (or -I). You must specify a --proto_path which encompasses this file. Note that the proto_path must be an exact prefix of the .proto file names -- protoc is too dumb to figure out when two paths (e.g. absolute and relative) are equivalent (it's harder than you think).解决办法有两个:一是在.proto文件所在目录下执行protoc,二是为protoc指定参数--proto_path,参数值为.proto文件所在目录。17) 下面这个编译错误,可能是因为在全局域内调用一个类对象的成员函数,全局域内是不能直接执行函的:error: expected constructor, destructor, or type conversion before '->' token18) 下面这个错误是因为没有链接OpenSSL的libcrypto库,或者使用了静态库,而顺序不对:undefined symbol: EVP_enc_null19) 下列是链接错误,不是编译错误,加上“-pthread”即可,注意不是“-lpthread”:/usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(charset.c.o): In function `get_charset_name':/home/software/mysql-5.5.24/mysys/charset.c:533: undefined reference to `pthread_once'/usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(charset.c.o): In function `get_charset_number':20) 依赖OpenSSL(假设安装在/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl-1.0.2a)时,如果./configure --prefix=/usr/local/thirdparty/libssh2-1.6.0 --with-libssl-prefix=/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl-1.0.2a时遇到如下错误:configure: error: No crypto library found!Try --with-libssl-prefix=PATH or --with-libgcrypt-prefix=PATH or --with-wincng on Windows可以如下方法解决:./configure --prefix=/usr/local/thirdparty/libssh2-1.6.0 --with-openssl CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl-1.0.2a/include" LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/thirdparty/openssl-1.0.2a/lib"21) 错误“error: expected primary-expression before ‘;’ token”可能是因为如下原因:UserInfoInternal* user_info_internal = new UserInfoInternal;delete user_info; // 这里应当是user_info_internal22) 下面这个编译错误的原因是定义字符串宏时没有加双引引号:example.cpp:563:16: error: too many decimal points in number如定义成了:#define IP1 127.0.0.1,改成#define IP1 "127.0.0.1"后问题即解决。23) 下面这个编译错误是因为g++命令参数没写对,多了个“-”g++: -E or -x required when input is from standard input如:CPPFLAGS=-pthread -g++ -g -o $@ $^ $(CPPFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)24) libjson_7.6.1编译错误:makefile:180: Extraneous text after `else' directivemakefile:183: *** only one `else' per conditional. Stop.解决办法:找到makefile文件的第180行,将“else ifeq ($(BUILD_TYPE), debug)”,改成两行内嵌方式:# BUILD_TYPE specific settingsifeq ($(BUILD_TYPE), small) CXXFLAGS = $(cxxflags_small)else ifeq ($(BUILD_TYPE), debug) # 不能和else同一行,否则Makefile语法错误,不支持else ifeq CXXFLAGS = $(cxxflags_debug) libname := $(libname_debug) else CXXFLAGS ?= $(cxxflags_default) endifendif可以通过设置环境变量来设置BUILD_TYPE,如:export BUILD_TYPE=debug也可以通过环境变量来设置make install时的安装目录,如:export prefix=/usr/local/libjson相关小知识:在Makefile文件中,prefix=/usr和prefix?=/usr,是有区别的,前者赋值不能通过环境变量覆盖,后者则可以使用环境变量的值覆盖。另外,请将第271行删除:cp -rv $(srcdir)/Dependencies/ $(include_path)/$(libname_hdr)/$(srcdir)改成:cp -rv _internal/Dependencies/ $(include_path)/$(libname_hdr)/$(srcdir)还有第258行前插入如一条命令:mkdir -p $(inst_path)否则“cp -f ./$(lib_target) $(inst_path)”,lib将成库文件名。25) 编译gcc时,如果遇到下面这个错误,这是因为运行时找不到mpc、mpfr和gmp的so文件:checking for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-nm... /data/gcc-4.8.2_src/host-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/gcc/nmchecking for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-ranlib... ranlibchecking for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-strip... stripchecking whether ln -s works... yeschecking for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc... /data/gcc-4.8.2_src/host-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/gcc/xgcc -B/data/gcc-4.8.2_src/host-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/gcc/ -B/data/gcc-4.8.2/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/ -B/data/gcc-4.8.2/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/ -isystem /data/gcc-4.8.2/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/include -isystem /data/gcc-4.8.2/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/sys-include checking for suffix of object files... configure: error: in `/data/gcc-4.8.2_src/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libgcc':configure: error: cannot compute suffix of object files: cannot compileSee `config.log' for more details.make[2]: *** [configure-stage1-target-libgcc] 错误 1所以只需要如下操作下即可:export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/mpc/lib:/usr/local/mpfr/lib:/usr/local/gmp/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH注:gcc-4.8.2依赖mpc、mpfr和gmp:./configure --prefix=/usr/local/gcc-4.8.2 --with-mpc=/usr/local/mpc-1.0.3 --with-mpfr=/usr/local/mpfr-3.1.3 --with-gmp=/usr/local/gmp-6.0.0而mpc又依赖于:mpfr和gmp:./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mpc-1.0.3 --with-mpfr=/usr/local/mpfr-3.1.3 --with-gmp=/usr/local/gmp-6.0.026) 编译gcc时,如果遇到下面这个错误:fatal error: gnu/stubs-32.h: No such file or directory这是因为在x86_64上,默认会编译出32位和64位两个版本。这样编译32位时,需要机器上有32位的libc头文件和库文件,但一些机器上可能没有,比如没有/lib目录,只有/lib64目录,这表示不支持32位的libc。为解决这个问题,可以禁止编译32位版本,在configure时带上参数--disable-multilib,或者安装32位版本的glibc。 27)某次编译遇到如下这样一个链接错误:redis_dbi.cpp:224: undefined reference to `sdscatlen(char*, void const*, unsigned long)'按常理,这个错误要么是没有指定相应的库,要么是静态库间的顺序问题。但经过检查,这两个原因,而是因为gcc和g++混用原因:1. 库libhiredis.a和libhiredis.so是由gcc编译出来的2. 而调用它的代码是由g++编译的,因此导致了此问题。问题的解决办法有两个:1. 修改sdscatlen所在的.h文件,将代码使用#ifdef __cplusplusextern "C" { #endif修饰起来,或者直接使用“extern C”修饰函数sdscatlen。2. 不修改redis的代码,在引用sds.h时加上“extern "C" {”:extern "C" { #include "sds.h"}上面两个办法均可,当然也可以考虑改用g++编译redis,不过可能会遇到很多错误。redis对外供外部直接使用的头文件hiredis.h已使用了extern "C" {,所以不存在问题,只有当跳过hiredis.h,去使用一些内部头文件时需要注意一下。28)x.hpp:27: error: expected identifier before string constantx.hpp:27: error: expected `}' before string constantx.hpp:27: error: expected unqualified-id before string constant这个错误,可能是存在和枚举等同名的字符串宏,比如存在下面的宏定义:enum DBTYPE{ UNDEFINE = 0, MYSQL_DB = 1, ORACLE_DB = 2};而另一.h文件中定义了宏:#define MYSQL_DB "mysql"29) 下面这个错误是因为类成员函数的声明和定义的返回值不相同test.cpp:201:6: 错误:‘bool foo(const string&, const string&, const string&, const string&, const string&, const HBaseRowValue&)’的原型不匹配类‘CTest’中的任何一个 bool CHBaseOper::foo(const std::string& tablename, const std::string& rowkey, const std::string& familyname, const std::string& columnname, const std::string& columnvalue, const HBaseRowValue& row_values) ^In file included from test.cpp:8:0:test.h:58:6: 错误:备选为:int foo(const string&, const string&, const string&, const string&, const string&, const HBaseRowValue&) int foo(const std::string& tablename, const std::string& rowkey, const std::string& familyname, const std::string& columnname, const std::string& columnvalue, const HBaseRowValue& row_values);30)messenger.cpp:5: error: expected unqualified-id before ':' token该编译错误原因是:CMessager:CMessager(){ }即少了个冒号:CMessager::CMessager(){ }31) unable to find a register to spill in class ‘SIREG’编译时如果遇到这个错误,表示遇到一个gcc的bug,最简单的办法是去掉编译参数中的-O3等优化项,然后再试可能就成功了,也可以考虑指定-fno-schedule-insns。32)像下面这样一大堆乱七八糟的错误,可以考虑是否为少了“}”等引起的/usr/include/c++/4.8.2/bits/stl_list.h:131:15: 错误:‘bidirectional_iterator_tag’不是命名空间‘gongyi::std’中的一个类型名 typedef std::bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category; ^/usr/include/c++/4.8.2/bits/stl_list.h: 在成员函数‘_Tp* gongyi::std::_List_iterator<_tp>::operator->() const’中:/usr/include/c++/4.8.2/bits/stl_list.h:150:16: 错误:‘__addressof’不是‘gongyi::std’的成员 { return std::__addressof(static_cast<_Node*>(_M_node)->_M_data); } 比如:namespace A { namespace B { 。。。。。。// 下面少了一个“}”} // namespace A { namespace B { 33)crc32’ cannot be used as a functionuint32_t crc32 = crc32(0L, (const unsigned char*)crc32_str.data(), crc32_str.size());错误是因为函数名和变量名相同了,可以改成如下解决:uint32_t crc32 = ::crc32(0L, (const unsigned char*)crc32_str.data(), crc32_str.size());34) /data/X/mooon/tools/hbase_stress.cpp: In function 'void test_write(const std::map<std::basic_string<char>, std::basic_string<char> >&)':/data/X/mooon/tools/hbase_stress.cpp:78:117: error: invalid conversion from 'void (*)(uint8_t, const string&, uint16_t) {aka void (*)(unsigned char, const std::basic_string<char>&, short unsigned int)}' to 'mooon::sys::FunctionWith3Parameter<unsigned char, std::basic_string<char>, short unsigned int>::FunctionPtr {aka void (*)(unsigned char, std::basic_string<char>, short unsigned int)}' [-fpermissive] stress_threads[i] = new mooon::sys::CThreadEngine(mooon::sys::bind(write_thread, i, hbase_ip, hbase_port)); ^In file included from /data/X/mooon/tools/hbase_stress.cpp:24:0:/data/X/mooon/tools/../include/mooon/sys/thread_engine.h:777:16: error: initializing argument 1 of 'mooon::sys::Functor mooon::sys::bind(typename mooon::sys::FunctionWith3Parameter<Parameter1Type, Parameter2Type, Parameter3Type>::FunctionPtr, Parameter1Type, Parameter2Type, Parameter3Type) [with Parameter1Type = unsigned char; Parameter2Type = std::basic_string<char>; Parameter3Type = short unsigned int; typename mooon::sys::FunctionWith3Parameter<Parameter1Type, Parameter2Type, Parameter3Type>::FunctionPtr = void (*)(unsigned char, std::basic_string<char>, short unsigned int)]' [-fpermissive] inline Functor bind(typename FunctionWith3Parameter<Parameter1Type, Parameter2Type, Parameter3Type>::FunctionPtr function_ptr, Parameter1Type parameter1, Parameter2Type parameter2, Parameter3Type parameter3)上面这个错误的意思是第一个参数的类型为void (*)(unsigned char, std::basic_string<char>, short unsigned int)但传入的类型为void (*)(unsigned char, const std::basic_string<char>&, short unsigned int)从上面的对比可以看出,要求函数的第二个参数为std::string类型,而不是const std::string&类型。35) conflicting declarationhas a previous declaration as这个错误可能是因为头文件没有#ifndef,导致引入多次。